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This report is the product of a 2-year study funded by the Transit Cooperative
Research Program (TCRP).1 The study had its genesis in discussions
during 1995 and 1996 by the TCRP Oversight and Project Selection
(TOPS) Committee, which were prompted by Louis J. Gambaccini, then
General Manager of the Southeast Pennsylvania Transit Authority. A number
of TOPS members, including many transit managers, had had the experience
of being asked by their customers, as well as their policy boards,
why transit usage is so low in American cities as compared with the cities
of Western Europe, Canada, and other parts of the world.
Around that same time, teams of transit managers from across the country
were returning from tours of public transportation systems in dozens
of Western European and Canadian cities. Reports from these tours—
documented in four TCRP Research Results Digests2—describe many innovative
practices, services, and technologies with potential for application in
the United States. The teams often prefaced their reports, however, by noting
the distinct differences in the urban environments and transportation policies
they witnessed abroad. For instance, they observed the following:
• Most Western European residents live in densely developed communities
within reach of public transportation corridors that were established
long before widespread use of the automobile, thus providing
naturally large markets for transit operators.
• Motor fuel prices in Western European cities are three to five times
higher than in the United States, and many other government taxes, parking
regulations, and traffic policies encourage the use of transit, while deterring
use of the automobile.
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